Effects of stocking density on lipid deposition and expression of lipid-related genes in Amur sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser schrenckii</Emphasis>)

To investigate the correlation between lipid deposition variation and stocking density in Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) and the possible physiological mechanism, fish were conducted in different stocking densities (LSD 5.5 kg/m³, MSD 8.0 kg/m³, and HSD 11.0 kg/m³) for 70 days and then the growth index, lipid content, lipase activities, and the mRNA expressions of lipid-related genes were examined. Results showed that fish subjected to higher stocking density presented lower final body weights (FBW), specific growth ratio (SGR), and gonad adipose tissue index (GAI) (P < 0.05). Lower lipid content was observed in the liver, gonad adipose tissue and muscle in sturgeons held in HSD group (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased significantly with increasing stocking density, while no significant change was observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Furthermore, the cDNAs encoding lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) were isolated in Amur sturgeon, respectively. The full-length LPL cDNA was composed of 1757 bp with an open reading frame of 501 amino acids, while the complete nucleotide sequences of HL covered 1747 bp encoding 499 amino acids. In the liver, the activities and mRNA levels of LPL were markedly lower in HSD group, which were consistent with the variation tendency of HL. Fish reared in HSD group also presented lower levels of activities and mRNA expression of LPL in the muscle and gonad. Moreover, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in both the liver and skeletal muscle were significantly upregulated in HSD group. Overall, the results indicated that high stocking density negatively affects growth performance and lipid deposition of Amur sturgeon to a certain extent. The downregulation of LPL and HL and the upregulation of PPARα may be responsible for the lower lipid distribution of Amur sturgeon in higher stocking density.     

不同施氮水平下缓释氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响

【目的】在高施氮水平和常规施氮水平下,研究缓释氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用和产量的影响及其生理机制,为机插稻的氮肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以中迟熟杂交籼稻川谷优7329为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,设置不同的施氮水平及5种缓释氮肥与常规氮肥(尿素)配施处理,并设置不施氮处理,分析不同施氮水平下缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用和产量的影响及其生理机制,并探讨氮素利用和产量与生理响应之间的关系。【结果】结果表明,施氮水平、缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用特征及产量均存在显著或极显著的影响,机插稻拔节、抽穗及结实期对氮素的吸收利用以及结实期茎鞘的氮素转运量与干物质量、氮素积累量、氮肥表观利用率、每穗实粒数及最终产量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.38*~0.69**)。与常规氮肥运筹相比,缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施、全缓释氮肥施用处理的机插稻成熟期干物质积累量、氮素积累总量、光合势、叶面积指数、氮肥表观利用率及穗部氮素增加量均显著提高,进而促进增产。【结论】据产量及氮素利用效率表现,机插稻产量在180 kg/hm2施氮水平下较高,且在缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施比例为7∶3一次性施用时产量最高,较其他氮肥运筹产量高0.84%~26.59%,氮肥表观利用率高0.28%~47.02%,为最优氮肥运筹模式。但不同施氮水平下,随着缓释氮肥配施比例的降低,群体叶面积指数、光合势及物质积累等指标也降低,且在施氮处理为全常规氮肥时最低,均不利于机插稻氮肥利用效率及最终产量的提高。     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

种植密度对不同株型青贮玉米产量及相关性状的影响

本研究以平展型玉米(Zea mays)雅玉青贮8号、半紧凑型品种京科青贮516和紧凑型品种黎民518为材料,研究4个种植密度对不同株型的青贮玉米产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明,青贮玉米鲜草产量和籽粒产量的最佳适宜密度不同,鲜草产量的适宜密度高于籽粒产量的适宜密度。随群体密度的增加玉米刈割青贮时的绿叶片数、单株鲜重、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数呈下降趋势;秃尖长、株高、穗位高、空秆率、倒伏(折)率、瘤黑粉病病株率逐渐增加;高密度下千粒重降低;青贮生育期略有延长。供试品种中黎民518最耐密植,京科青贮516边行优势强,最不耐密植。     

供钾水平对小白菜同化物及钾素分配的影响

以"苏州青"和"矮脚黄"2个小白菜品种为试材,采用室内模拟砂培培养法,研究了供钾水平(0.0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0mmol·L~(-1))对其根、叶柄和叶片同化物及钾素分配的影响,以期为采用钾高效利用技术提高小白菜产投比的钾营养诊断相关研究奠定基础。结果表明:供钾水平对小白菜生物量的影响随其生育期的延长而增大。其中,"苏州青"的同化物分配对供钾水平的响应较"矮脚黄"相对敏感,其可食部分生物量(地上部生物量、产量)最大时的供钾水平相对低于"矮脚黄",而植株不同部位钾含量最高时的供钾水平却相对高于"矮脚黄"。小白菜植株不同部位钾含量的高低顺序依次为叶柄、叶片和根系,且不同部位钾含量最高时所需要的外源供钾水平及钾在小白菜植株不同部位的分配百分比均表现为叶片叶柄根系,说明小白菜植株不同部位对供钾水平的敏感性存在明显差异。适宜的供钾水平可能通过协调同化物在植株不同部位的分配,并维持分配比例的稳定性,达到促进小白菜生长的效果。与正常供钾水平比,供试的2个品种小白菜对过量钾的响应也存在一定的差异:分别通过明显降低"苏州青"的根系钾含量及矮脚黄的根系同化物的分配,而减少了钾在其各自根系中的分配。缺钾通过降低同化物,特别是钾在小白菜叶柄中的分配而明显增加了其向叶片和根系的分配,进而提高了小白菜的根冠比。随着供钾水平的升高,只有叶柄的同化物和钾分配的百分比均有所升高,且以钾分配百分比的升高幅度远大于同化物。综上所述,叶柄钾含量和叶柄钾分配百分比对小白菜钾营养状况存在较好的指示作用。     

银翘复方药渣发酵处理试栽毛头鬼伞及主要药物成分分析

为回收利用生产银翘片废弃药渣,以毛头鬼伞为供试菌株,发酵处理银翘药渣;建堆配料设计原则为控制总料C/N接近40∶1,以玉米芯为主料(配合添加奶牛粪、尿素),逐渐增大银翘药渣用量,以替代玉米芯;堆料共采用4个配方,配方A(CK):玉米芯200kg,牛粪100kg,尿素3.5kg,辅料6%(生石灰2%、石膏2%、过磷酸钙2%);配方B:玉米芯100kg,银翘药渣50kg,牛粪50kg,尿素1.0kg,辅料6%;配方C:玉米芯75kg,银翘药渣100kg,牛粪50kg,辅料6%;配方D:玉米芯50kg,银翘药渣150kg,牛粪50kg,辅料6%。4个配方堆料总干质量均在200kg以上,依墙建堆成半圆锥形(h≥1.0m,r≥1.4m);发酵升温14d(4-3-3-2-2)、经4次翻堆后,摊料降温装袋接种,待菌丝满袋后脱袋覆土出菇。结果表明:以配方C的产出率为最高,其相应生产指标为,初始C/N为41.66、终点C/N为23.71、腐熟度T为0.569、接种满袋率93.7%、菌袋平均产量381.9g·kg~(-1)、生物学效率41.0%。经HPLC检测,配方C发酵料中绿原酸、牛蒡苷含量分别为5.20~5.40、4.49~5.30μg·g~(-1),其栽培所得子实体中绿原酸、牛蒡苷含量分别为0.40~0.45、3.81~4.27μg·g~(-1),其中牛蒡苷从栽培料到子实体的迁移率达84.93%。     

基于PLC的碟式太阳自动跟踪控制系统研究

由于太阳辐射方向的时刻改变和太阳辐射能的不稳定性,导致碟式太阳能发电系统利用率始终较低。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于PLC控制的全天候自动跟踪方式,利用光照强度与光照强度阈值的差值作为跟踪方式切换的判据,不仅消除了程序跟踪造成的累积误差,而且避免了光电传感器在阴天或多云时无法工作的问题。为保证系统在任何天气情况下均可稳定运行,信息反馈元件增加了风速传感器、温度传感器及倾角传感器。另外,在设计系统硬软件时,采取了一系列措施来进一步降低系统运行成本。     

谷子杂交种与常规种光合和叶绿素荧光特性的比较

为了明确杂交谷的光合优势是否是其产量高于常规谷的一大主因,本研究于2013年对常规谷晋谷21号和杂交谷张杂谷5号的光合和叶绿素荧光特性进行比较。采用完全随机设计,每个品种种植5个小区,在拔节期和灌浆期分别测定各项光合指标。结果表明,在拔节期,张杂谷5号的净光合速率、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量显著高于晋谷21号;但在灌浆期,张杂谷5号和晋谷21号之间的总叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量、光化学淬灭参数和非光化学淬灭参数都存在显著差异。总体杂交谷在拔节期和灌浆期的光合性能高于常规谷。